{"id":432,"date":"2012-05-21T01:00:17","date_gmt":"2012-05-20T17:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/wordpress\/?p=432"},"modified":"2014-03-05T16:56:48","modified_gmt":"2014-03-05T08:56:48","slug":"mangrove-forest-of-bongawan-river","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/wordpress\/mangrove-forest-of-bongawan-river\/","title":{"rendered":"Mangrove Forest of Bongawan River"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Two weeks ago I was on a river cruise trip at Bongawan River. I was amazed by its pristine mangrove forest. So far it&#8217;s the only river cruise that let me see three mangrove zones, which have very different vegetation to one another.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_1.gif\" alt=\"location map of Bongawan town\" \/><br \/>\nBongawan is a small town about 70 KM away from Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah, Malaysia. I was told that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/proboscis-monkey\/\">proboscis monkey<\/a> is spotted in the mangrove forest of Bongawan, so I went there to have a look. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_2.jpg\" alt=\"jetty where the Bongawan river cruise starts\" \/><br \/>\nAbove: the jetty where the Bongawan river cruise starts<br \/>\nNormally proboscis monkey gathers on the mangrove trees of riverbank in late afternoon, so we started our tour at 4pm at a jetty in Bongawan.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/images\/2012\/20120522_3-big.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_3.jpg\" alt=\"map of Bongawan River\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nAbove: map of Bongawan River (Click to enlarge)<br \/>\nThe Main Mangrove and Seaward Mangrove zones are at the left (Laut = Sea), Back Mangrove Zone at the right (KG. = Village), mainly the human settlement area. Below is the map of the jetty. Please note you need to book the tour in advance.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps\/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=203684570006474549034.0004b9c518c8e63e24f45&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=h&amp;ll=5.553969,115.840187&amp;spn=0.0299,0.036478&amp;z=14&amp;iwloc=0004c077a7871e13dd275&amp;output=embed\"><\/iframe><br \/><small>View <a href=\"http:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps\/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=203684570006474549034.0004b9c518c8e63e24f45&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=h&amp;ll=5.553969,115.840187&amp;spn=0.0299,0.036478&amp;z=14&amp;iwloc=0004c077a7871e13dd275&amp;source=embed\" style=\"color:#0000FF;text-align:left\">My Sabah Map<\/a> in a larger map<\/small><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_4.jpg\" alt=\"going onboard\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_5.jpg\" alt=\"river cruise on Bongawan River\" \/><br \/>\nThe starting point of the tour is a few KM from the sea, so the river is in normal yellow color. We explore the landward side first.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_8.jpg\" alt=\"Bongawan River\" \/><br \/>\nEveryone was looking for proboscis monkey, but I was having fun checking out the vegetation along the river. Many mangrove plants are useful for local community, for example, firewood, building materials, food, herb. Due to modernization, most people just buy stuffs and don&#8217;t collect what they need from forest.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_6.jpg\" alt=\"Oncosperma tigillarium (Nibung palm)\" \/><br \/>\nAt the beginning, we already see the dense clump of Nibung trees (species: <em>Oncosperma tigillarium<\/em>), which indicates the transitional area between dry land and mangrove zone. The wood of Nibung Palm can be used for minor construction such as furniture and poles for stilt houses.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_7.jpg\" alt=\"Nipah palm\" \/><br \/>\nThen we see many Nipah Palm, which likes to grow on soft and fine-grained substrates in the Back Mangrove Zone. Its inflorescence produces sweet syrup, which is rich in sucrose and is used for production of sugar, vinegar and alcohol. The leaf fibers are great for making ropes, brushes and brooms. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/wordpress\/?p=595\">The fruit (atap) is edible and a popular dessert<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_9.jpg\" alt=\"woman fishing\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_10.jpg\" alt=\"plantation\" \/><br \/>\nThe upstream dry land of Bongawan River is moderately inhabited. We passed by some villages and plantation. The density of mangrove trees here is relatively low.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_11.jpg\" alt=\"fishing boats parking\" \/><br \/>\nSame as car for city people, boat is important for villagers living next to river. Almost every house has a &#8220;parking lot&#8221; for their boats.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_12.jpg\" alt=\"abandoned luxury boat\" \/><br \/>\nAbove: an abandoned boat<br \/>\nThe boatman says this &#8220;junk&#8221; was used to be a RM200,000 luxury boat.. WOW! How and Why did it end up there then?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_13.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove fruit\" \/><br \/>\nWe saw many fruits like above. Not sure if it is the fruit of &#8220;Ketapang&#8221; tree (<em>Terminalia catappa<\/em>), which is edible.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_14.jpg\" alt=\"swampy area of Bongawan River\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_15.jpg\" alt=\"grasses and ferns in swamp\" \/><br \/>\nThen our boat enters a swampy area, which is dominated by dense water grasses and <em>Piai Raya<\/em> mangrove ferns (<em>Acrostichum aureum<\/em>). The mature leaves of Piai Raya fern are used for thatching and as fodder for cattle. The young leaves are eaten as vegetable in Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_16.jpg\" alt=\"swampy area of Bongawan River\" \/><br \/>\nThere are many &#8220;volcano moulds&#8221; built by the mud lobsters in this swamp. Mud lobster is a crustacean that looks like a hybrid of lobster and scorpion. It only crawls out of its burrow at night so it&#8217;s rare to see. Yes it is edible.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_17.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove forest of Bongawan\" \/><br \/>\nLater we turned back to move downstream toward the sea. We found long-tailed macaque, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/wordpress\/?p=420\">monitor lizard<\/a> and a few birds (Hill Myna, Dollar Bird, Blue-throated bee eater).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_18.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove trees with stilt roots\" \/><br \/>\nNow we are inside the Main Mangrove Zone, which has the most diverse and complex mangrove ecology. This zone is characterized by abundant mangrove trees of <em>Rhizophora<\/em> species such as <strong>Bakau Minyak<\/strong> (<em>Rhizophora apiculata<\/em>) and <strong>Bakau Kurap<\/strong> (<em>Rhizophora mucronata<\/em>). The water also turns brackish and we can smell mud (like mild rotten egg).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_19.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove tree (Rhizophora apiculata)\" \/><br \/>\nBakau Minyak prefers soft and muddy soil of riverbank. The wood is a nice timber for making beams, furniture, firewood, charcoal and foundation piles. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_20.jpg\" alt=\"river cruise inside mangrove\" \/><br \/>\nThe mangrove trees of Main Mangrove Zone in Bongawan are in pristine condition. They are lush, dense and tall, some are more than 15 Meters in height.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_21.jpg\" alt=\"enjoying river cruise\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>There are 52 true mangrove plants (purely live in mangrove) in the world. 42 species are found in Malaysia, and 34 are found in Sabah. Malaysia accounts for about 3.7% (577,500 ha) of the world&#8217;s mangrove area. 59% of Malaysian mangrove forest are in Sabah.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_22.jpg\" alt=\"dense mangrove trees\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_23.jpg\" alt=\"Rhizophora mucronata (Bakau Kurap)\" \/><br \/>\nThe mangrove trees with aerial roots are Bakau Kurap (<em>Rhizophora mucronata<\/em>). It is the most widespread mangrove species in the world. Its wood can be used for fuel and charcoal. The tannin from the bark is used for tanning and dyeing of fishing lines and ropes. Usually it is scattered along the riverbank, but here in Bongawan its density is very high.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_27.jpg\" alt=\"seaward mangrove zone\" \/><br \/>\nAs we approach the estuary of Bongawan, we enter the Seaward Mangrove Zone.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_24.jpg\" alt=\"estuary of Bongawan River\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_25.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove forest on the shore\" \/><br \/>\nWe exit from the estuary to the open sea for a while and enjoy the mangrove view of the coastline. These mangrove trees are important natural barrier that mitigates coastal erosion, tsunami and rising of sea level.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_26.jpg\" alt=\"mangrove trees in tidal zone\" \/><br \/>\nAs mangrove trees grow on tidal zone, their bases are flooded during high tide. That&#8217;s why most of them have stilt roots that serve 2 main purposes: (1) to hold itself firm in muddy soil, and (2) to breathe air during high tide.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_28.jpg\" alt=\"back to jetty\" \/><br \/>\nWe returned to the jetty around 5:30pm. Too bad we didn&#8217;t see any proboscis monkey. Anyway, I had joined other river cruises in south-western part of Sabah, but this is the first time I see Back Mangrove Zone, Main Mangrove Zone and Seaward Mangrove Zone in a day. For me, the flora is impressive, though the upstream area is pressured by development.<\/p>\n<h3>More Photos<\/h3>\n<p>You may <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/bongawan-mangrove\/\">check out my photo album<\/a> if you want to see more nice pictures:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/bongawan-mangrove\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/images\/2012\/20120522_29.jpg\" alt=\"Photo gallery of Bongawan river cruise\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><small><em>Photos taken in Bongawan, Sabah, Malaysia Borneo<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n<p><strong>Other river cruises:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/klias\/\">Klias (Peat Swamp Forest)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/weston\/\">Weston (Seaward Mangrove)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/garama\/\">Deluxe River Cruise<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two weeks ago I was on a river cruise trip at Bongawan River. I was amazed by its pristine mangrove forest. So far it&#8217;s the &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1836,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[35,1,5,9],"tags":[39,10,127],"class_list":["post-432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest","category-sabah","category-travel","category-wildlife","tag-bongawan","tag-mangrove","tag-wetland"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mangrove Forest of Bongawan River - MySabah.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mysabah.com\/wordpress\/mangrove-forest-of-bongawan-river\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mangrove Forest of Bongawan River - MySabah.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Two weeks ago I was on a river cruise trip at Bongawan River. 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